Análise da soroprevalência por tese rápido e ELISA de infecção por zika vírus em unidade prisional de Mato Grosso / Seroprevalence analysis by rapid thesis and ELISA of Zika virus infection in a jail in Mato Grosso / Análisis de seroprevalencia por tesis rápida y ELISA de infección por el virus del Zika en una unidad penitenciaria en Mato Grosso

A emergência do Zika vírus no Brasil entre os anos de 2015 e 2016 com graves morbidades relacionadas, suscitou a necessidade da disponibilidade de teste diagnóstico de qualidade. Neste contexto buscou-se analisar a soroprevalência da infecção por zika em unidade prisional feminina do estado de Mato Grosso através do teste rápido (Bahiafarma) e do Ensaio Imunossorvente por Ligação Enzimática de Captura de Anticorpos para Zika. Trata-se de estudo transversal, com abordagem quantitativa pautado em dados coletados em 2018, em que se coletou sangue periférico e procedeu-se análise com duas estratégias diagnósticas o teste rápido e Ensaio Imunossorvente por Ligação Enzimática de Captura de Anticorpos para Zika. Em ambos os testes, detectou-se sororreatividade para zika, com excelentes concordâncias, ou seja, calculado o coeficiente Kappa, no qual foram obtidos os valores de 1 para IgM e 0,86 para IgG. Além dos achados laboratoriais, foram relatados fatores de risco para a infecção, decorrentes das características intrínsecas ao ambiente prisional e do modo de vida das participantes. A descrição da soroprevalência dessa arbovirose será importante para direcionar as ações de prevenção e controle a serem implementadas pela vigilância epidemiológica.(AU)

The emergence of Zika virus in Brazil between 2015 and 2016 with serious related morbidities, raised the need for the availability of quality diagnostic testing. In this context, we sought to analyze the seroprevalence of zika infection in a female prison unit in the state of Mato Grosso through the rapid test (Bahiafarma) and the Zika Antibody Capture Enzyme Immunosorbent Assay. This is a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach based on data collected in 2018, in which peripheral blood was collected and analyzed with two diagnostic strategies: rapid test and Zika Antibody Capture Enzyme Immunosorbent Assay. In both tests, zika seroreactivity was detected, with excellent agreement, that is, the Kappa coefficient was calculated, in which the values of 1 for IgM and 0.86 for IgG were obtained. In addition to laboratory findings, risk factors for infection resulting from the intrinsic characteristics of the prison environment and the lifestyle of the participants were reported. The description of the seroprevalence of this arbovirus will be important to guide the prevention and control actions to be implemented by epidemiological surveillance.(AU)

La aparición del virus del Zika en Brasil entre 2015 y 2016 con graves enfermedades relacionadas, planteó la necesidad de contar con pruebas de diagnóstico de calidad. En este contexto, buscamos analizar la seroprevalencia de la infección por zika en una unidad penitenciaria femenina en el estado de Mato Grosso a través de la prueba rápida (Bahiafarma) y el Ensayo inmunoenzimático de captura de anticuerpos de Zika. Este es un estudio transversal con un enfoque cuantitativo basado en datos recopilados en 2018, en el que se recolectó y analizó sangre periférica con dos estrategias de diagnóstico: prueba rápida y el Ensayo inmunoenzimático de captura de anticuerpos de zika. En ambas pruebas, se detectó seroreactividad del zika, con excelente concordancia es decir, se calculó el coeficiente Kappa, en el que se obtuvieron los valores de 1 para IgM y 0.86 para IgG. Además de los hallazgos de laboratorio, se informaron los factores de riesgo de infección resultantes de las características intrínsecas del ambiente de la prisión y el estilo de vida de los participantes. La descripción de la seroprevalencia de este arbovirus será importante para guiar las acciones de prevención y control que se implementarán mediante la vigilancia epidemiológica.(AU)

Analysis of the immunological biomarker profile during acute Zika virus infection reveals the overexpression of CXCL10, a chemokine linked to neuronal damage

BACKGROUND Infection with Zika virus (ZIKV) manifests in a broad spectrum of disease ranging from mild illness to severe neurological complications and little is known about Zika immunopathogenesis. OBJECTIVES To define the immunologic biomarkers that correlate with acute ZIKV infection. METHODS We characterized the levels of circulating cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in 54 infected patients of both genders at five different time points after symptom onset using microbeads multiplex immunoassay; comparison to 100 age-matched controls was performed for statistical analysis and data mining. FINDINGS ZIKV-infected patients present a striking systemic inflammatory response with high levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. Despite the strong inflammatory pattern, IL-1Ra and IL-4 are also induced during the acute infection. Interestingly, the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-13, IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ; chemokines CXCL8, CCL2, CCL5; and the growth factor G-CSF, displayed a bimodal distribution accompanying viremia. While this is the first manuscript to document bimodal distributions of viremia in ZIKV infection, this has been documented in other viral infections, with a primary viremia peak during mild systemic disease and a secondary peak associated with distribution of the virus to organs and tissues. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Biomarker network analysis demonstrated distinct dynamics in concurrence with the bimodal viremia profiles at different time points during ZIKV infection. Such a robust cytokine and chemokine response has been associated with blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinvasiveness in other flaviviral infections. High-dimensional data analysis further identified CXCL10, a chemokine involved in foetal neuron apoptosis and Guillain-Barré syndrome, as the most promising biomarker of acute ZIKV infection for potential clinical application.

Zika puzzle in Brazil: peculiar conditions of viral introduction and dissemination: a review

This article discusses the peculiar conditions that favoured the unexpected introduction of Zika virus into the poorest northeastern region of Brazil in 2015, its speed of transmission to other Brazilian states, other Latin American countries and other regions, and the severity of related neurological disorders in newborns and adults. Contrasting with evidence that Zika had so far caused only mild cases in humans in the last six decades, the epidemiological scenario of this outbreak in Brazil indicates dramatic health effects: in 2015, an increase of 20-fold in notified cases of microcephaly and/or central nervous system (CNS) alterations suggestive of Zika congenital infection, followed by an exponential increase in 2016, with 2366 cumulative cases confirmed in the country by the end of December 2016. A significant increase in Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults has also been reported. Factors involved in viral dissemination, neural pathogenesis and routes of transmission in Brazil are examined, such as the role of social and environmental factors and the controversies involved in the hypothesis of antibody-dependent enhancement, to explain the incidence of congenital Zika syndrome in Brazil. Responses to the Zika outbreak and the development of new products are also discussed.

Presencia de Aedes ( Stegomyia ) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) y su infección natural con el virus del dengue en alturas no registradas para Colombia / Presence of Aedes ( Stegomyia ) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and its natural infection with dengue virus at unrecorded heights in Colombia

Introducción. Aedes aegypti es el principal vector de fiebre amarilla urbana, dengue, chikungunya y zika. Se ha demostrado que la distribución biogeográfica de esta especie se ha expandido debido al calentamiento global y a factores socioeconómicos y culturales. Los cambios en los patrones de la distribución altitudinal de este vector y su infección con el virus son prioridades de la investigación encaminada a desarrollar estrategias de vigilancia entomológica y virológica en salud pública. Objetivo. Evaluar la presencia de A. aegypti y su infección natural por el virus del dengue en alturas superiores a los 1.800 msnm en dos municipios periféricos del Valle de Aburrá, Antioquia, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se instalaron 21 ovitrampas en los municipios de Bello y San Pedro de los Milagros, en un rango altitudinal de 1.882 a 2.659 msnm. Los adultos que emergieron de las ovitrampas se evaluaron con reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (RT-PCR) para la detección del virus del dengue. Resultados. Se recolectaron 367 adultos de A. aegypti , siete de los cuales se encontraron a una altitud de 2.302 msnm en Tierradentro, Bello. Se detectaron 12 especímenes de A. aegypti positivos para dengue serotipo 2 en el barrio París de Bello, a 1.984 msnm. Conclusión. Por primera vez se registró A. aegypti a 2.302 msnm, la mayor altitud registrada para este vector en Colombia. De igual forma, se encontró infección con el virus del dengue a 1.984 msnm. Estos hallazgos son significativos, ya que determinan regiones de Colombia con riesgo potencial de transmisión autóctona de dengue y otros arbovirus por A. aegypti .

Introduction: Aedes aegypti is the main vector of urban yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. The biogeographical distribution of this species has expanded due to global warming, and socioeconomic and cultural factors. The changes in the altitudinal distribution patterns of this vector and its natural infection are priority fields of research to develop entomological, virological and public health surveillance strategies. Objective: To evaluate the presence of A. aegypti and its natural infection with dengue virus in altitudes above 1.800 meters above sea level in two peripheral municipalities of the Valle de Aburrá, Antioquia, Colombia. Materials and methods: Twenty-one ovitraps were set in the municipalities of Bello and San Pedro de los Milagros, at altitudes ranging from 1.882 to 2.659 masl. Emerged adults caught in the ovitraps were tested by RT-PCR for dengue virus detection. Results: We collected 367 A. aegypti adults, seven of which were found as high as 2.302 masl in Tierradentro, Bello. We detected serotype 2 dengue infection in 12 A. aegypti specimens collected in the neighbourhood of París, in Bello, at 1.984 masl. Conclusion: We recorded A. aegypti at 2.302 masl, so far the highest altitudinal record in Colombia for this vector. Furthermore, mosquitoes collected at 1.984 masl were positive for dengue virus. These findings are significant as they identify regions in Colombia at risk of potential autochthonous transmission of dengue and other arboviruses by A. aegypti .